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OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

ANTHROPOLOGY 
ALFRED  L.  KROEBER 
COLLECTION 


SMITHSONIAN  MISCELLANEOUS  COLLECTIONS 

VOLUME  70.  NUMBER  3 


ARCHEOLOGICAL   INVESTIGATIONS 
AT  PARAGONAH,  UTAH 


(WITH  FIFTEEN  PLATES) 


BY 

NEIL  M.,JUDD, 

1 


(PUBLICATION  2536) 


CITY  OF  WASHINGTON 
PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SMITHSONIAN 
1919 


DOCUMENTS  DEPAPTMEf 
OCt  o 


LIBRARY 

MmtttfMt 


SMITHSONIAN  MISCELLANEOUS  COLLECTIONS 

VOLUME  70.  NUMBER  3 


ARCHEOLOGICAL   INVESTIGATIONS 
AT  PARAGONAH,  UTAH 


(WITH  FIFTEEN  PLATES) 


BY 
NEIL  M.  JUDD 


DOCUMENTS  DEPARTMENT 
OCT  3  1  1961 

LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


(PUBLICATION  2536) 


CITY  OF  WASHINGTON 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 
1919 


e  JSorb 

BALTIMORE,  MD.,   U.   S.   A. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIONS  AT 
PARAGONAH,  UTAH 

BY  NEIL  M.  JUDD 
(WITH  FIFTEEN  PLATES) 

INTRODUCTION 

The  remains  of  ancient  habitations  now  visible  near  Paragonah 
in  Iron  County,  Utah,  comprise  but  a  small  remnant  of  the  total 
number  which  formerly  overlooked  the  broad  Parowan  Valley,  from 
the  foothills  between  Red  and  Little  Creek  canyons.  It  is  recorded  * 
that  Dr.  H.  C.  Yarrow,  of  the  Wheeler  Survey,  observed  more  than 
400  mounds  in  this  vicinity  in  1872.  The  figure  given,  in  itself, 
suggests  a  possible  exaggeration  and  yet  many  ruins  were  unques 
tionably  razed  during  the  succeeding  20  years  as  the  cultivated  fields 
of  the  modern  community  increased  in  extent.  Prof.  Henry  Mont 
gomery,  then  of  the  University  of  Utah,  reports2  approximately 
100  mounds  near  Paragonah  in  1893  an<^  a  n^e  estimate  is  given  by 
Mr.  Don  Maguire  of  Ogden,  Utah,  who  conducted  excavations  at 
the  same  time  as  Professor  Montgomery  in  the  interest  of  the 
Chicago  World's  Fair.  Less  than  half  of  these  remained  in  1915, 
when  the  writer  began  his  investigations  for  the  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnology  and  the  number  was  still  further  reduced  during  the  next 
12  months,  leaving  a  bare  half-dozen  large  elevations  in  the  fields  al 
ready  under  cultivation  and  several  smaller  mounds  in  the  sage- 
covered  area  adjoining.  But  the  largest  of  these,  whose  size  alone  has 
delayed  their  reduction,  had  also  attracted  earlier  investigators  and 
each  mound  still  bears  the  scars  of  their  several  undertakings. 

In  addition  to  the  above  observers  Dr.  Edward  Palmer,  of  the  U.  S. 
National  Museum,  conducted  limited  excavations  at  the  same  locality 
during  one  of  his  numerous  expeditions  through  southwestern  Utah 
between  1869  and  1877.  None  of  these  investigators,  however,  with 
the  single  exception  of  Professor  Montgomery,8  has  published  an 


1  U.   S.   Geographical   Surveys  West  of  the  looth  Meridian,   Capt.   G.  M. 
Wheeler,  Vol.  i,  p.  57.    Washington,  D.  C,  1889. 

2  The  Archaeologist,  Vol.  2,  p.  303,  1894. 

3  Ibid.,  pp.  303-306. 

SMITHSONIAN  MISCELLANEOUS  COLLECTIONS,  VOL.  70,  No.  3 


2  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    70 

account  of  his  researches.  The  writer's  own  impressions,  gained 
in  1915  and  1916,  have  been,  as  yet,  but  partially  recorded,1  a  more 
detailed  report  being  withheld  pending  completion  of  additional 
investigations.  It  is  obvious,  therefore,  that  the  remains  of  an  un 
usually  large  number  of  prehistoric  dwellings  near  the  village  above 
mentioned  have  gradually  given  way  before  the  advance  of  agricul 
tural  preference  and  that,  notwithstanding  the  many  observations 
made  among  them,  the  ruins  have  contributed  but  little  to  our  scanty 
knowledge  of  their  ancient  inhabitants  and  have  left  us  with  only 
the  vaguest  understanding  of  the  degree  of  culture  to  which  their 
builders  had  attained. 

The  present  paper  finds  its  origin  in  a  joint  expedition  undertaken 
in  1917  by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  the  University  of  Utah, 
at  the  request  of  the  latter.  The  writer  had  the  honor  and  the 
pleasure  of  directing  the  work,  with  the  cordial  cooperation  of  Presi 
dent  John  A.  Widtsoe  and  Prof.  Levi  Edgar  Young,  of  the  univer 
sity,2  and  with  the  active  assistance  of  Mr.  Andrew  A.  Kerr  as  their 
field  representative. 

It  must  be  confessed  that,  for  the  layman,  there  is  but  little  of  the 
spectacular  in  the  results  of  the  expedition.  The  student  of  history, 
on  the  other  hand,  will  find  much  to  hold  his  attention — rude  dwell 
ings  of  earth  that  seem  so  thoroughly  adapted  to  their  environment 
and  vast  quantities  of  minor  antiquities,  each  of  which  is  its  own 
key  to  the  daily  activities  and  industries  of  the  ancient  house  builders. 
Here  was  a  people  who  came  from  some  distant,  undetermined 
region — a  people  that  established  a  compact  community,  with  a  defi 
nite  social  organization,  and  then  passed  on  to  a  new  locality  where 
another  cycle  in  their  tribal  history  was  unfolded.  Innumerable 
paragraphs  might  be  written  from  the  information  at  hand  and  yet, 


1  Smithsonian  Misc.  Coll.,  Vol.  66,  No.  3,  p.  67;  No.  17,  pp.  103-107. 

2  It  should  be  stated  that  the  successful  inauguration  and  furtherance  of  the 
season's   undertaking   was   due   largely   to   the   interest   and   perseverance   of 
President  Widtsoe  and  Professor  Young.     They  first  enlisted  the  aid  of  the 
government  institution  and,  thereafter,  freely  rendered  every  possible  assistance 
in  bringing  the  work  of  the  expedition  to  a  happy  conclusion. 

In  this  place,  also,  the  writer  desires  to  acknowledge  his  appreciation  of  the 
generous  spirit  in  which  his  numerous  Paragonah  friends  contributed  to  the 
success  of  the  expedition  and  he  is  especially  indebted  to  Mrs.  Martha  Jane 
Openshaw  and  Mr.  Isaac  Bozarth  who  kindly  granted  the  necessary  permis 
sion  to  conduct  the  excavations.  The  ultimate  purpose  of  science  can  always 
be  best  served  by  such  whole-hearted  good  will  and  mutual  helpfulness  as 
that  which  greeted  the  1917  party. 


NO.    3        ARCHEOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIONS  AT  PARAGON  AH JUDD  3 

at  this  time,  it  seems  unwise  to  attempt  more  than  a  general  survey 
of  the  season's  discoveries,  reserving  for  a  subsequent  paper  the 
tempting  comparison  between  the  cultural  evidence  disclosed  at 
Paragonah  and  that  found  among  ancient  ruins  in  other  sections  of 
the  Southwest.  Likewise,  direct  reference  to  previous  investigations 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  Parowan  and  neighboring  valleys 
will  be  avoided  in  so  far  as  possible,  that  the  following  pages  may 
be  devoted  entirely  to  the  joint  enterprise  of  1917.  A  certain  hetero 
geneity  frequently  obtains  among  archeological  remains  in  western 
Utah — such  a  confusion  and  intermingling  of  like  and  unlike  struc 
tures  that  the  entire  subject  may  be  explained  most  clearly  in  a  mono 
graph  based  upon  knowledge  gained  throughout  the  vast  region  in 
which  similar  remains  occur.  The  present  paper  treats  of  but  one 
small  section  of  that  region  and  the  results  of  1917  should  be  con 
sidered  merely  as  a  single,  though  highly  important,  contribution 
toward  final  solution  of  the  whole  complex  question. 

EXCAVATION  OF  THE  BIG  MOUND 

Paragonah  was  reached  early  in  July  and  the  party  at  once 
centered  its  attention  upon  an  elevation  known  locally  as  "  the  big 
mound,"  a  huge  knoll  measuring  approximately  225  feet  in  diameter 
and  10  feet  high.  There  were  several  reasons  for  this  selection : 
(i)  It  was  the  largest  of  those  remaining  and,  notwithstanding  the 
previous  removal  of  the  southern  one-third  and  superficial  evidence 
of  other  excavations,  it  still  promised  more  perfect  examples  of 
architecture  and  deeper  court  deposits  than  adjacent  mounds;  (2) 
being  in  the  way  of  proposed  improvements,  it  was  in  imminent 
danger  of  complete  reduction,  with  final  loss  of  its  archeologic  con 
tents  ;  and  (3)  exposure  of  the  house-group  which  the  "  big  mound  " 
was  thought  to  cover  would  form  a  fitting  sequel  to  earlier  studies  of 
smaller  elevations  containing  from  one  to  five  dwellings,  together 
with  their  related  structures. 

The  ragged  blanket  of  sage-brush  which  covered  the  mound  was 
first  cut  and  burned.  Trenches  were  then  begun  in  several  places, 
in  search  of  walls,  floors,  etc.  The  actual  work  of  excavation  was 
done  with  shovels  ;  teams  and  scrapers  being  employed  only  in  remov 
ing  the  earth  which  had  been  examined  and  thrown  out  by  the  work 
men.  This  method,  although  slower,  resulted  in  more  extensive 
collections  of  small  artifacts  and  insured,  also,  greater  accuracy  in 
tracing  the  various  floor  levels  and  house  walls,  some  of  which  were 
determined  only  with  the  greatest  difficulty  owing  to  their  coloration 


4  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    ?O 

and  to  the  compact  condition  of  the  surrounding  soil.  When  house 
remains  were  encountered  they  were  immediately  exposed,  provided 
no  connecting  structures  were  discovered  which  required  previous 
attention.  Working  from  one  dwelling  to  another,  the  entire  series 
was  finally  uncovered. 

Early  in  the  course  of  the  excavations  it  became  evident  that  in  the 
"  big  mound,"  as  in  other  similar  elevations,  ruins  of  two  distinct 
types  were  to  be  found.  These  naturally  increased  in  numbers  as  the 
work  progressed,  but  the  obvious  relationship  between  the  two  types 
did  not  differ  materially  from  that  established  during  former 
operations.  The  chief  task  of  the  1917  expedition,  therefore,  soon 
resolved  itself  into  an  effort  to  locate  all  of  the  more  permanent 
houses  and  to  discover  in  the  lesser  structures  invariably  associated 
with  them  any  variation  from  their  customary  form.  The  outstand 
ing  features  of  each  type  are  given  below,  with  additional  notes  on 
certain  individual  ruins. 

In  general,  every  prehistoric  community  attracts  the  student  both 
through  its  architecture  and  its  lesser  antiquities,  for  the  house 
remains,  perhaps  more  completely  than  the  artifacts  found  within 
or  near  them,  furnish  a  true  index  to  the  cultural  attainments  of  their 
builders.  And  it  is  the  degree  of  social  and  material  advancement, 
as  evidenced  by  such  remains  and  by  such  artifacts,  that  enables 
the  anthropologist  to  assign  to  any  given  people  its  approximate  place 
on  the  ladder  of  intellectual  progress.  In  considering  the  results 
of  excavations  in  the  big  mound  at  Paragonah,  therefore,  attention 
will  first  be  directed  to  the  structures  occupied  by  the  aborigines  and 
then  to  the  minor  objects  discovered  in  connection  with  those 
structures. 

HOUSE  REMAINS 

Reference  to  the  ground  plan  (pi.  i)  of  the  mound  under  con 
sideration  shows  a  number  of  adjacent,  rectangular  rooms  and  sev 
eral  additional  buildings.  It  will  be  noticed,  also,  that  some  of  these 
rooms  appear  one  above  the  other,  but,  even  in  such  instances,  there 
is  evidence  of  a  purposeful  arrangement  and  the  constant  recogni 
tion  of  a  previously  determined  relationship.  The  fireplaces  in  the 
areas  contiguous  to  the  rectangular  rooms  indicate  the  location  of 
temporary  structures,  occupied  in  conjunction  with  the  more  per 
manent  buildings.  All  the  fireplaces  discovered  during  the  course  of 
the  excavations  are  not  shown  on  the  ground  plan,  for  they  were 
found  indiscriminately  and  throughout  the  entire  depth  of  the  mound 
in  such  numbers  as  to  render  impracticable  their  proper  delineation. 


NO.    3        ARCHEOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIONS  AT  PARAGONAH JUDD  5 

The  walls  of  the  quadrangular  buildings  were  constructed  entirely 
of  adobe,  usually  in  layers,  and  averaging  about  10  inches  in  thick 
ness.  No  complete  wall  has  yet  been  found,  but  it  is  reasonable  to 
suppose  that  none  of  these  exceeded  in  height  the  walls  of  other 
prehistoric  habitations  throughout  the  Southwest,  that  is  to  say, 
from  4-J  to  5  feet.  This  does  not  mean,  however,  that  the  inhabitants 
were  of  small  stature,  a  fallacy  which  has  an  unfortunately  wide 
circulation.  Small  houses  were  easier  to  build  and  they  afforded 
greater  protection  from  the  elements ;  they  were  utilized  primarily 
as  sleeping  quarters  and  for  the  storage  of  corn,  beans,  and  other 
foodstuffs.  They  were  designed  chiefly  to  meet  these  requirements  ; 
the  daily  activities  of  their  owners  being  performed  mostly  out  of 
doors  or  in  the  shelter  of  secondary  structures. 

Much  has  been  said  regarding  the  manner  in  which  these  adobe 
dwellings  were  constructed,  but  it  has  been  pointed  out  elsewhere  * 
that  the  methods  employed  were  not  so  complex  as  has  been  com 
monly  supposed.  The  builders  required  merely  an  abundant  water- 
supply  and  the  clayey  soil  of  the  region.  A  shallow  hole  near  the  site 
of  the  proposed  house  sufficed  as  a  mixing  box,  into  which  water  was 
poured  as  needed  ;  the  hole  grew  in  extent  and  depth  as  its  sides  were 
cut  down  to  furnish  additional  clay.  This  was  undoubtedly  mixed  by 
the  bare  feet  of  the  workers,  a  method  still  employed  by  modern 
Pueblo  Indians  and  their  Mexican  neighbors. 

Balls  of  this  mud,  worked  to  a  stiff  paste,  were  then  thrown  on  to 
a  prepared  area,  tracing  the  outline  of  the  room.  Other  masses  were 
added  and  the  four  walls  gradually  assumed  their  desired  height. 
Of  necessity  these  were  built  up  in  layers,  for  the  cohesive  properties 
of  plastic  clay  are  very  low  and  supporting  forms  were  unknown 
among  the  primitive  peoples  of  America.  Each  layer  averaged 
about  15  inches  in  thickness  and  the  desert  sun  soon  dried  it  suffi 
ciently  to  permit  of  the  addition  of  a  superposed  course.  The  fact 
that  these  layers  vary  in  thickness  from  a  few  inches  to  more  than 
a  foot  may  be  traced  usually  to  an  effort  on  the  part  of  the  builders 
to  maintain  uniform  levels — an  unintentional  irregularity  in  one 
layer  would  be  corrected  in  placing  the  next  above  it.  Mud  plaster 
was  ordinarily  employed  in  smoothing  the  inner  faces  of  these  walls, 
but  it  is  sometimes  apparent  that  the  freshly  laid  adobe  was  merely 
dampened  with  water  and  surfaced  over,  obliterating  all  traces  of 
joints. 


xjudd  in  Holmes  Anniversary  Volume,  pp.  241-252.     Washington,  D.   C, 
1916. 


6  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    7<3 

Working  in  this  way,  using  their  bare  hands  and  with  no  tools 
other  than  crude  bone  and  stone  implements,  the  ancient  artisans 
finally  brought  the  new  walls  to  a  satisfactory  height.  A  number  of 
wooden  beams  were  then  laid  a  foot  or  more  apart  and  across  the 
shorter  dimensions  of  the  room ;  above  and  at  right  angles  to  them, 
smaller  poles  were  placed,  with  willows  or  brush,  grass  and  clay,  in 
succession,  completing  the  roof.  The  resulting  cover  was  fairly 
tight,  but  extremely  heavy  ;  it  successfully  turned  most  of  the  winter's 
storms  and  required  repair  only  two  or  three  times  a  year,  following 
the  rainy  seasons.  Windows  for  the  admission  of  light  and  air  were 
unknown — aboriginal  peoples  seldom  worried  about  ventilation  or 
lack  of  it — and  the  only  entrance  to  the  room  was  a  hole  through 
the  roof,  an  opening  which  was  closed  at  times  by  a  large,  thin  stone 
disk.1 

The  primitive  masons  of  Parowan  Valley  had  adapted  to  their 
needs  the  most  available  building  material  of  their  environment ; 
they  constructed  houses  which  met  their  principal  requirements  and 
yet  these  houses  had  at  least  one  defect  which  their  builders  seem  not 
to  have  overcome.  It  is  apparent  that  the  roof  beams  did  not 
protrude  far  beyond  the  outer  surface  of  the  sun-dried  mud 
walls  and  consequently  furnished  scant  protection  for  them.  In 
seasons  of  rainfall,  the  water  which  accumulated  upon  the  flat 
earthen  roof  either  soaked  through  or  ran  off  the  edges  and  down 
the  walls.  In  the  latter  case,  the  softened  adobe  would  tend  to  give 
way  under  the  weight  of  the  heavy  ceiling,  causing  the  walls  to 
collapse.  It  may  safely  be  assumed  that  these  dwellings  were  fre 
quently  destroyed  in  this  manner,  even  though  the  opinion  be  based 
entirely  upon  circumstantial  evidence,  for  many  travelers  in  the 
Southwest  have  noticed  the  disintegration  of  modern  adobe  houses 
through  the  same  agency. 

A  dwelling  once  destroyed  was  probably  never  w7holly  rebuilt, 
although  its  broken  walls  may  have  been  partially  utilized  in  the 
erection  of  a  new  structure.  Lack  of  suitable  tools  made  the  mere 
task  of  removing  such  wreckage  a  tedious  undertaking.  To  obviate 
the  necessitv  for  this  and  yet  render  the  site  suitable  for  a  new 


xThe  writer  has  been  informed  through  several  sources  that  the  stone 
employed  in  making  the  round  do'ors  found  so  frequently  among  the  Paragonah 
ruins  could  have  come  only  from  the  West  Mountains  or  Kane  Spring  Hills, 
10  miles  from  the  village.  Stone  of  similar  texture  is  unknown  elsewhere  in 
the  vicinity ;  the  difficulties  of  its  transportation  may  be  appreciated  if  the 
reader  will  recall  that  these  old  people  had  no  beasts  of  burden  and  that 
many  of  the  disks  weigh  as  much  as  75  and  80  pounds. 


NO.    3        ARCHEOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIONS  AT  PARAGONAH JUDD  7 

habitation,  the  old  walls  were  pulled  down  upon  themselves,  the  mass 
brought  to  a  uniform  level,  and  erection  of  the  substitute  structure 
begun. 

In  a  previous  paper,1  the  present  writer  has  briefly  described  the 
occurrence  of  superposed  dwellings  in  mounds  excavated  at  Beaver 
City,  Utah.  They,  like  the  ones  now  under  discussion,  did  not  always 
possess  the  same  floor  area  as  the  buildings  they  replaced.  In  some 
instances,  one  or  more  walls  of  the  upper  house  coincided  with  those 
of  the  lower  ;  in  others,  the  long  axis  of  the  later  dwelling  lay  at  right 
angles  to  that  of  the  earlier.  The  mere  position  of  the  new  habitation 
seemingly  did  not  influence  its  builders  so  much  as  the  fact  that 
necessity  compelled  its  erection  and  that  preference  or  social  custom 
influenced  its  construction  on  the  site  of  the  one  destroyed. 

The  occasional  superposition  of  dwellings  adds  greatly  to  the 
interest  of  such  structures  as  those  disclosed  by  the  1917  excavations. 
A  few  of  them,  briefly  described,  may  serve  not  only  to  indicate  the 
general  problems  involved,  but  they  may  also  contribute,  in  a  greater 
or  less  degree,  to  an  understanding  of  their  primitive  builders. 
Rooms  16-19,  for  example,  occur  in  three  distinct  levels.  Numbers 
16  and  17  originally  comprised  a  single  room,  but  this  was  subse 
quently  divided  by  a  partition  only  half  as  thick  as  the  main  walls. 
Still  later,  both  houses  appear  to  have  been  abandoned,  although 
Room  17  may  have  been  temporarily  occupied  after  construction  of 
the  neighboring  house,  number  18.  A  continuation  of  the  floor  level 
of  this  latter  dwelling  extended  out  over  the  razed  walls  of  Room  16, 
2  feet  9  inches  above  their  inner  base. 

The  length  of  the  upper  structure  was  nearly  as  great  as  that  of 
Rooms  1 6  and  17  combined ;  the  condition  of  its  floor  suggests  occu 
pancy  during  a  considerable  period.  For  some  unknown  reason, 
however,  the  walls  of  number  18  were  later  demolished  and  Room 
19,  a  building  only  half  as  long,  was  erected  above  them.  Seventeen 
inches  of  closely  packed  building  material  separated  the  two  floors ; 
the  width  of  the  structures  was  approximately  the  same,  although 
the  walls  of  the  one  did  not  rest  directly  upon  those  of  the  other. 

The  neighboring  houses,  numbers  8  to  12,  furnish  a  similar 
example  of  superposition.  Rooms  9  and  1 1  were  built  above  the  par 
tially  razed  walls  of  Rooms  8,  10,  and  12.  Number  8  was  constructed 
subsequently  to  Room  10,  its  floor  being  approximately  10  inches 


1  Proceedings  of  the  Nineteenth  International  Congress  of  Americanists,  pp. 
119-124.    Washington,  D.  C.,  1917. 


8  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    70 

above  that  of  the  latter;  Room  12  was  erected  at  the  same  time  and 
on  the  same  level  as  Room  10. 

The  walls  of  all  three  first-level  houses  were  entirely  of  adobe, 
built  up  in  layers,  and  smoothed  or  plastered  on  the  inside.  There 
is  no  means  of  determining  the  length  of  time  each  was  inhabited, 
but,  after  a  certain  period  of  occupancy,  they  gave  way  to  Rooms 

9  and   n.     Here  again  the  walls  of  the  upper  structures  do  not 
coincide  exactly  with  those  of  the  lower;  their  orientation,  never 
theless,  remains  practically  the  same.     The  floors  in  Rooms  9  and 
ii  had  been  constructed  3  feet  9  inches  above  that  in  number  10  and 
rested  directly  upon  the  irregular  chunks  of  sun-dried  adobe  which 
formerly  composed  the  walls  of  the  lower  room.     Plate  3  illus 
trates  the  relationship  between  the  outer  west  walls  of  Rooms  8 
and  9  and  shows  the  difference  in  their  respective  floor  levels. 

While  considering  this  series  of  dwellings,  attention  should  be 
called  to  certain  peculiarities  which  have  not  been  observed  during 
the  excavation  of  other  similar  houses.  In  the  outer  east  wall  of 
Room  8,  averaging  36  inches  above  its  base  and  12  inches  apart,  was 
a  row  of  small  holes,  marking  the  former  position  of  as  many  wall 
pegs  or  hangers ;  additional  pegs  may  have  existed  in  the  destroyed 
portion  of  the  same  wall.  Holes  of  this  sort  in  adobe  dwellings  are 
really  unique ;  owing  to  their  low  position  the  use  to  which  they  were 
put  must  remain  doubtful.  A  doorway,  17  inches  wide  and  about 
24  inches  high,  pierced  the  south  wall  of  this  room,  it  being  the  only 
lateral  entrance  yet  observed  among  the  prehistoric  adobe  dwellings 
of  western  Utah.  So  far  as  could  be  determined  neither  wood  nor 
stone  had  been  utilized  in  its  frame.  Room  9,  directly  above  this 
house,  \vas  obviously  entered  through  the  customary  roof  opening. 

At  the  south  end  of  Room  10,  in  its  opposite  walls  and  20  inches 
above  the  floor,  were  two  series  of  four  holes  each.  Those  on  the 
west  side  averaged  n  inches  and  those  on  the  east  4  inches  from 
each  other.  They  marked  the  former  position  of  horizontal  poles, 
built  into  the  walls  at  the  time  of  their  construction  and  probably 
formed  a  rude  triangular  bunk  or  shelf.  This  feature,  also,  is 
believed  to  be  unique  among  prehistoric  ruins  north  and  west  of  the 
Rio  Colorado  and,  if  the  conjecture  be  correct,  it  represents  one  of 
the  few  examples  of  built-in  benches  yet  discovered  among  aborigi 
nal  dwellings  of  the  Southwest.  Similar  series  of  pole  rests  were  not 
detected  in  any  of  the  other  Paragonah  structures. 

Room  31,  a  third-level  house,  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  earlier 
excavations,  was  the  only  dwelling  in  the  big  mound  whose  floor 


NO.    3        ARCHEOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIONS  AT  PARAGON  AH JUDD  9 

consisted  of  a  layer  of  coarse  gravel  and  water-worn  cobblestones, 
overlaid  with  adobe  mud.  Foundations  of  this  character  were  in 
variably  employed  in  the  houses  examined  near  Beaver  City,  Deseret 
and  Hinckley,  and  they  occurred  frequently  in  those  near  Fillmore 
and  Meadow,  in  Millard  County.  Excepting  this  course  of  small 
stones  underneath  the  floor  the  house  did  not  differ  from  the  adobe 
dwellings  described  above. 

It  is  to  be  regretted,  of  course,  that  the  south  one-third  of  the  big 
mound  had  been  completely  razed  before  the  recent  expedition  began 
its  work.  According  to  local  reports,  house  walls  were  observed  in 
this  position  of  the  elevation,  and  there  are  those  who  insist  that 
circular  rooms  were  also  present.  The  number  of  these  and  the 
number  of  rectangular  dwellings  must  always  remain  a  matter  of 
speculation ;  that  they  were  many  may  be  inferred  from  the  total 
discovered  in  the  remainder  of  the  mound. 

ASSOCIATED  STRUCTURES 

Most  observers  who  have  conducted  investigations  among  the 
mounds  of  western  Utah  have  noticed  the  occurrence  of  lesser 
structures  in  the  areas  immediately  surrounding  the  adobe  dwellings. 
Too  little  importance  has  been  attached  to  these  remains  and  their 
true  import  seems  to  have  been  generally  overlooked.1  The  recent 
excavations  at  Paragonah  disclosed  houses  of  this  type  in  large 
numbers  and  it  is  desired  at  this  time  to  refer  to  them,  collectively, 
in  order  that  their  real  place  in  the  community  may  be  fully  under 
stood.2 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  more  permanent  habitations  in  the  big 
mound  are  grouped  to  form,  roughly,  three  sides  of  a  square.  The 
interior  of  this  square  was  filled  with  accumulations  of  camp  debris 
and  wind-blown  earth,  averaging  6  feet  in  depth.  The  remains  of 
temporary  shelters  were  found  without  any  semblance  of  order 


1  In  the  papers  cited  above,  the  present  writer  made  no  attempt  to  elaborate 
upon  the  court  shelters  or  their    obvious  bearing  upon  the  more  permanent 
structures.    There  is  evidence  pointing  to  the  fact  that  the  former  are  older, 
structurally,  than  the  latter. 

2  It  should  be  stated  that  plate  i  shows  but  very  few  of  the  lesser  structures 
exposed   during  the  excavations   of   1917.     They  were  found  in  such  unex 
pected  numbers  and  so  hopelessly  interlocked  that  it  was  deemed  inadvisable 
to  interrupt  the  main  work  while  each  one  was  carefully  uncovered.     The 
chief  characteristics  of  the  type  had  been  determined  by  the  expeditions  of 
1915   and    1916 ;    equally   cautious   dissection   of    the   "  big   mound "   did   not 
appear  commensurate  with  the  time  and  expense  involved. 


IO  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    70 

throughout  these  deposits.  In  one  place,  above  fireplace  L,  seven 
distinct  levels  of  occupancy  were  noted  and  the  layers  which  sup 
ported  them  frequently  merged  one  into  another  or  disappeared 
entirely  a  short  distance  from  the  limits  of  the  hut.  Careful  analysis 
of  these  levels  and  the  material  separating  them  leaves  the  impres 
sion  that  the  lesser  structures  were  so  easily  constructed  that  their 
abandonment  was  effected  without  great  compunction,  once  their 
usefulness  had  ended. 

The  charred  ends  of  upright  posts  show  that  a  large  proportion  of 
these  shelters  were  destroyed  by  fire ;  others  may  have  become  so 
filled  with  debris  and  dust  that  their  builders  found  it  desirable  to 
select  other  quarters.  In  the  latter  case,  the  old  hut  would  have 
been  pulled  down  and  its  timbers  utilized  in  the  new  structure, 
leaving  the  other  materials  which  united  in  its  construction  as  a  fur 
ther  addition  to  the  court  deposits.  All  this  is  apparent  from 
close  examination  of  the  remains,  but  many  of  the  fireplaces,  unlike 
those  exposed  by  previous  expeditions,  exhibited  no  trace  of  a  former 
covering  and  it  may  be  that  they  were  entirely  unroofed.  The  huts 
varied  somewhat  in  size  and  interior  arrangement,  but  they  were  of 
the  same  general  type  and  they  served  a  common  purpose. 

In  their  simplest  form  these  associated  structures  consisted  of  a 
roof  supported  by  four  uprights  and  they,  in  turn,  surrounded  a  cir 
cular  fireplace.  The  posts  upheld  crosspieces  and  against  them, 
leaning  outward  toward  the  ground,  was  a  succession  of  small  poles. 
It  seems  most  likely  that  grass  and  eatfh  covered  these  sloping  tim 
bers,  enclosing  the  room  on  at  least  three  sides.  That  portion  of 
the  roof  lying  directly  above  the  firepit  was  flat  and  constructed  in 
much  the  same  manner  as  that  of  an  adobe  dwelling,  with  possible 
provision  for  a  smoke  vent.  In  ruins  of  these  huts  chunks  of  burned 
clay,  bearing  impressions  of  the  several  materials  which  composed 
the  roof,  are  almost  always  present  upon  the  fireplace  and  within  the 
area  bordered  by  the  uprights. 

These  lesser  structures  were  really  the  living  quarters  of  the 
ancient  people,  rooms  in  which  their  daily  activities  were  performed. 
As  each  family  possessed  one  or  more  adobe  houses — places  of  pro 
tection  or  for  the  storage  of  semi-precious  possessions — so,  also,  did 
each  lay  claim  to  at  least  one  court  shelter,  an  associated  structure 
in  which  the  family  cooking  was  done,  where  garments  and  household 
utensils  were  prepared  and  where  all  those  numerous  small  tasks  that 
occupied  the  time  even  of  primitive  folk  were  performed.  Some  such 
shelters  possessed  a  second  fireplace ;  some  a  shallow,  basin-like 


NO.    3        ARCHEOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIONS  AT  PARAGONAH JUDD         II 

depression  near  the  firepit  in  which  clean  sand  was  kept.  Some  huts 
were  larger  than  others ;  some  show  longer  occupancy ;  but  none 
is  without  evidence  of  its  true  use,  since  small  implements  of  bone 
and  stone,  charred  corn  and  squash  seeds,  potsherds,  split  animal 
bones,  and  other  camp-fire  refuse,  may  always  be  found  upon  the 
smooth  earthen  floors  and  throughout  the  accumulations  which 
separate  the  successive  levels. 

Excavation  of  the  big  mound  disclosed  ruins  of  still  another  type, 
structures  not  previously  noted  among  the  archeological  remains  of 
western  Utah.  Houses  of  this  class  possess  certain  features  found, 
respectively,  in  the  rectaugular  adobe  dwellings  and  in  the  adjacent 
court  shelters ;  they  represent,  perhaps,  attempts  to  provide  the 
roominess  and  stability  of  the  former  while  utilizing  methods  peculiar 
to  the  latter.  Rooms  20,  39,  40,  41,  etc.,  are  houses  of  the  type  under 
consideration  and  they  are  classed  as  secondary  structures,  since  they 
apparently  have  a  closer  economic  relationship  to  the  shelters  than  to 
the  heavy-walled  buildings. 

The  first  of  these,  although  smaller  than  the  others,  may  be  con 
sidered  typical  of  all.  As  discovered,  it  consisted  only  of  a  much- 
used  floor  whose  outer  limits  were  marked  by  a  series  of  small  post- 
holes.  A  rimmed  fireplace,  13  inches  in  diameter  and  6  inches  deep, 
had  been  cut  into  the  floor  near  the  south  wall.  It  would  appear  that 
this  house  had  been  erected  some  time  subsequent  to  Kiva  V,  for 
example,  since  several  inches  of  court  accumulations,  including  two 
ill-defined  levels  of  occupancy,  separated  the  floors  of  the  two 
structures.1 

Room  39  was  the  largest  house  of  this  type,  and  it,  in  turn,  had 
been  built  14  inches  above  the  floor  of  an  earlier  structure  of  the  same 
kind,  Room  40.  A  rimmed  fireplace,  38  inches  in  diameter  and  4 
inches  deep,  occupied  the  middle  of  the  room,  and  surrounding  it, 
as  in  the  smaller  court  shelters,  were  four  large  roof  supports.  The 
walls  of  this  building  were  constructed  of  small  upright  posts, 
wattled  with  brush  or  willows  and  plastered  with  mud.  More  than  30 
supports  had  been  utilized  in  the  west  wall — the  holes  they  once 
occupied  were  only  a  few  inches  apart  and  nearly  every  one  was 
filled  with  decayed  wood.  In  part  of  the  east  wall,  against  Room  35, 
horizontal  willows  had  been  bound  to  the  uprights  before  they  were 


1  Four  feet  four  inches  above  number  20  and  at  right  angles  to  its  long  axis 
was  a  third-level  dwelling,  Room  21.  Its  walls  were  entirely  of  adobe,  con 
structed  in  the  manner  previously  outlined;  its  floor  was  hard  and  smooth 
and  rested  directly  upon  the  refuse  and  loose  earth  which  covered  Room  20. 


12  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    70 

plastered ;  in  another  place  it  was  determined  with  certainty  that 
masses  of  plastic  adobe  had  been  forced  between  the  posts  and 
smoothed  over  so  as  to  cover  them. 

Structures  of  this  type,  like  the  smaller  shelters,  were  essentially 
living  quarters  or  work  rooms.  Such  use  is  indicated  by  the  central 
fireplace — fireplaces  were  not  present  in  any  of  the  rectangular 
dwellings — and  by  the  small  objects  found  in  the  debris  surrounding 
it.  The  two  types  were  designed  for  similar  purposes  and,  funda 
mentally,  they  were  alike  in  construction.  Only  in  form  and  size 
did  they  differ  to  any  marked  extent.  The  central  roof  of  each  was 
supported  by  four  pillars  ;  small  poles  made-up  the  walls  of  both.  In 
the  smaller  shelters  these  poles  slanted  downward  and  outward  from 
crosspieces  which  rested  upon  the  uprights ;  in  the  larger  rooms  they 
were  set  vertically  and  the  wall  supported  the  outer  edges  of  a  flat 
roof,  laid  in  continuation  of  that  directly  above  the  fireplace.  Struc 
tures  of  the  first  type  were  round  or  nearly  so ;  those  of  the  second 
class  were  quadrilateral. 

CEREMONIAL  ROOMS 

Among  the  structures  concealed  by  the  big  mound  were  three  cir 
cular  rooms  and  the  remains  of  possibly  two  others.  In  form  and  in 
their  position  relative  to  the  adjacent,  rectangular  dwellings  these 
round  rooms  may  be  likened  to  the  ceremonial  chambers,  or  kivas, 
so  inseparably  connected  with  prehistoric  Pueblo  dwellings  through 
out  the  Southwest.  They  lack  some  of  the  structural  details  of  the 
latter,  but  their  use  was  so  obviously  the  same  that  it  seems  per 
missible  to  employ  the  recognized  Hopi  term  in  referring  to  them. 
Such  application  of  the  word  "  kiva  "  has,  in  fact,  already  been  made * 
by  the  present  writer,  in  considering  circular  rooms  observed  pre 
viously  at  Paragonah  and  in  other  sections  of  western  Utah. 

In  all  distinctly  Pueblo  villages,  both  ancient  and  modern,  the 
ceremonial  room  was  the  nucleus  about  which  the  life  of  the  com 
munity  revolved;  the  presence  of  more  than  one  kiva  denoted, 
merely,  that  the  village  was  composed  of  several  clans,  each  having 
its  own  unit  organization  and  its  own  center  of  social  and  religious 
activity.  In  certain  historical  Pueblo  settlements  of  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona,  where  Spanish  influence  was  most  pronounced,  cere 
monial  rooms  lost  their  original  shape  when  their  builders  purposely 
hid  them  among  dwellings  of  the  house  cluster,  as  a  means  of  fore 
stalling  priestly  opposition.  In  other  existing  communities  the  kiva 


1  American  Anthropologist,  Vol.  19,  No.  I,  Jan.-March,  1917. 


NO.    3        ARCHEOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIONS  AT  PARAGONAH JUDD         13 

retained  its  circular  form,  remaining  somewhat  isolated  and  wholly 
or  partly  underground.  Pueblo  mythology  prescribed  a  subter 
ranean  position,  in  respect  to  habitations,  for  purely  ceremonial 
rooms  and  the  Indians  of  to-day  still  adhere  to  tribal  custom  as  far 
as  possible,  despite  persistent  efforts  of  their  conquerors  to  sub 
stitute  new  religious  precepts  for  the  ancient  beliefs. 

The  kivas  in  the  big  mound  at  Paragonah  were  circular  in  form; 
they  were  entered  through  a  roof  opening  at  a  level  corresponding 
to  that  of  the  court.  This  subterranean,  or  semi-subterranean  posi 
tion,  however,  appears  to  have  been  obtained  in  a  manner  somewhat 
different  from  that  which  governed  the  construction  of  such  rooms 
in  cliff-dwellings  and  exposed  pueblos.  In  the  two  latter  a  location 
already  lower  than  the  houses  was  frequently  chosen  or  a  natural 
concavity  was  enlarged  and  deepened  to  meet  requirements,  or 
dwellings  were  even  built  up  around  the  kiva,  leaving  it  in  a  sub 
jacent  position.  The  circular  rooms  in  the  big  mound,  on  the  other 
hand,  apparently  were  excavated  from  extensive  piles  of  debris — 
accumulations  which  permitted  the  desired  subterranean  situation 
and  yet  left  the  kiva  floors  on  practically  the  same  level  as  those  of 
the  neighboring  secular  structures.  Whether  these  piles  were  wholly 
artificial  or  whether  they  represented  merely  the  usual  court  deposits 
could  not  be  determined  with  certainty  by  the  investigations  of  1917. 
The  important  fact  to  be  considered  is  that  circular  structures  have 
been  found  in  this  section  of  the  w^est  and  that  they  were  given  an 
underground  position  in  respect  to  the  adobe  habitations. 

Architecturally,  the  Paragonah  kivas  were  constructed  in  a  very 
simple  manner.  A  hole  of  the  desired  depth  and  diameter  was  exca 
vated  from  accumulations  of  earth  and  camp-fire  debris;  its  walls 
and  floor  were  then  surfaced  with  mud  and  allowed  to  dry.  This 
method  appears  in  sharp  contrast  to  that  employed  in  the  adjacent 
houses  where  superposed  courses  were  laid  with  considerable  care. 
In  most  cliff  villages  of  the  Southwest  those  rooms  designed  pri 
marily  for  ceremonial  purposes  represent  the  highest  local  develop 
ment  in  masonry,  but  at  Paragonah  the  contrary  is  true.  The  mud 
plaster  was  spread  directly  upon  the  face  of  the  cut  and,  from  the 
outside,  there  is  nothing  which  would  suggest  the  presence  of  a  wall. 
A  roof  of  the  type  previously  described  covered  the  room  and  the 
customary  hatchway  served  as  the  sole  means  of  entrance.  In  none 
of  these  chambers  was  anything  found  which  would  correspond  to 
the  sipapu,  the  fire  screen  or  the  wall  recesses  in  prehistoric  kivas 
throughout  the  San  Juan  drainage,  for  example. 


14  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    JO 

Among  the  circular  rooms  in  the  big  mound,  number  I  is  espe 
cially  noteworthy.  As  in  certain  habitations,  it  illustrates  the  readi 
ness  with  which  its  ancient  builders  abandoned  one  building  in  favor 
of  another  or  the  apparent  ease  with  which  they  utilized  the  remains 
of  one  structure  in  erecting  a  second.  Kiva  I  may  be  considered  as 
merely  the  contraction  of  a  larger,  similar  room  whose  floor  and 
north  wall  were  retained  as  part  of  the  later  building;  it  seems  a 
confession  on  the  part  of  its  builders  that  they  lacked  the  skill  neces 
sary  to  construct  successfully  so  large  a  structure  as  that  which  it 
replaced.  When  exposed  the  walls  of  the  smaller  room  were  prac 
tically  intact;  those  of  the  larger  had  disappeared  except  on  the 
north  and  west  sides.  The  precursor  of  number  I  had  been  exca 
vated  from  the  loose  court  deposits  and  its  walls  consisted  only  of 
thick  coats  of  mud  spread  directly  upon  the  ash-bearing  earth ;  the 
smaller  room  had  been  built  within  the  larger,  its  north  wall  coin 
ciding  with  that  of  the  latter  and  its  other  sides  being  formed  by  the 
debris  thrown  upon  the  floor  and  within  the  razed  walls  of  the 
earlier  structure.  A  rimmed  fire-place  26  inches  in  diameter  and 
3  inches  deep  occupied  the  middle  of  the  floor.1 

Kivas  II  and  III  are  really  counterparts  of  number  I,  although 
differing  somewhat  in  size.  The  third  of  these,  unfortunately 
mutilated  during  the  removal  of  the  south  end  of  the  mound,  had 
also  undergone  repairs,  a  second  floor  having  been  laid  2  inches 
above  the  first.  The  room  is  still  further  unique  in  possessing  an 
extra  fireplace,  adjoining  and  but  slightly  smaller  than  the  usual 
central  hearth.  Against  the  southwest  wall  was  a  pesthole  which 
held  a  support  for  one  of  the  heavy  roof  beams,  a  feature  also  noted 
in  kivas  exposed  during  the  expeditions  of  1915  and  1916. 

The  curved  wall  fragments  of  possibly  two  additional  kivas  were 
observed,  respectively,  within  Room  35  and  in  the  open  court  east  of 
Rooms  8  to  12.  The  first  of  these  measured  only  a  few  feet  in 
length  ;  its  floor,  although  broken  and  so  near  the  surface  as  to  render 
its  exposure  difficult,  was  traced  beyond  the  razed  east  wall  of  Room 
35.  This  room  was  circular  in  form  and  there*  seems  but  little  doubt 
that  it  was  used  chiefly  for  ceremonial  purposes.2  Greater  uncer- 


1  In  the  court  accumulations  between  Kiva  I  and  Rooms  8  and  32  several 
levels  of  occupancy,  from  2  to  10  inches  in  thickness,  were  noted.  Each 
of  these  showed  fireplaces  and  the  remains  of  shelters  associated  with  the 
neighboring  rectangular  habitations,  but  the  ground  plan  does  not  presume  to 
delineate  all  of  those  discovered. 

1  The  necklace  of  bone  pendants  and  "  gaming  counters  "  noted  on  page  16 
was  found  on  the  floor  of  this  room. 


NO.    3        ARCHEOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIONS  AT  PARAGONAH JUDD         15 

tainty  exists  regarding  the  other  room,  which  has  been  marked 
Kiva  V.  Its  floor  lay  in  that  portion  of  the  mound  where  superposed 
levels  of  occupancy  were  most  numerous,  and  it  may  be  that  the  room 
was  no  more  than  an  enlarged  shelter.  Fragments  of  curved  adobe 
walls  remained  on  the  eastern  side  and  these,  if  continued,  would 
have  circled  a  central  fireplace  about  which  four  large  pillars  for 
merly  stood.  It  is  the  presence  of  these  surrounding  posts  that  sug 
gests  the  possibility  of  this  having  been  one  of  the  numerous 
associated  structures,  but  kivas  with  roofs  supported  by  uprights 
were  noted,  also,  during  preceding  expeditions  and  in  so  large  a  room 
pillars  would  have  been  absolutely  necessary.  Curved  adobe  walls, 
on  the  other  hand,  have  not  yet  been  observed  among  the  remains 
of  purely  court  shelters. 

MINOR  ANTIQUITIES 

In  reviewing  the  minor  antiquities  exposed  during  the  excavation 
of  the  "  big  mound  "  the  observer  will,  first  of  all,  be  attracted  by 
the  preponderance  of  bone  objects.  Bone  implements  and  orna 
ments  of  many  shapes  and  sizes,  and  in  various  degrees  of  completion, 
were  found  in  unexpected  numbers ;  in  addition,  there  were  large 
quantities  of  mere  refuse — bones  split  to  facilitate  the  extraction  of 
marrow,  charred  bones,  and  those  apparently  tossed  carelessly  to 
one  side.  Among  this  mass  of  worked  and  unworked  material  there 
may  be  recognized  skeletal  fragments  of  such  animals  as  the  deer, 
antelope,  mountain  sheep,  bear,  and  various  smaller  mammals. 
There  are  also  a  few  fragments  of  heavy  antler  which  appear  to  be 
elk  and  several  pieces  of  large,  worked  bone  that  have  been  tenta 
tively  identified  as  those  of  the  buffalo.  All  of  these,  taken  together, 
indicate  that  the  ancient  house  builders  were  persistent  hunters  and 
that  the  animals  killed  not  only  contributed  largely  to  their  food  sup 
ply,  but  formed,  also,  the  chief  source  of  one  of  the  materials  most 
essential  to  the  economic  pursuits  of  the  community. 

Awls  are  especially  numerous  and  vary  in  size  from  the  small, 
sharpened  metapodial  of  the  deer  to  those  cut  from  the  full  length 
of  the  canon  bone.  Most  of  them  are  merely  ground  and  sharpened 
fragments,  but  several  exhibit  a  high  degree  of  specialization  and 
are  really  pleasing  examples  of  aboriginal  art.  A  few  were  perfor 
ated  at  the  butt  end  for  the  attachment  of  a  cord  and  still  others, 
as  in  plate  n,  were  decorated  with  incised  lines.  Some  of  the  awls 
are  long  and  slender,  like  needles;  others  are  heavy,  blunt,  and 


l6  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    70 

frequently  chipped  at  the  end  as  though  employed  as  punches  in 
flaking  arrow  points,  etc.  But  all  of  them,  crude  and  finely  worked 
together,  were  utilized  in  the  daily  activities  of  their  owners,  in 
weaving  baskets,  in  making  skin  garments,  and  in  numerous  lesser 
tasks  for  which  they  were  not,  perhaps,  especially  intended. 

Closely  allied  to  the  bone  awls  is  rather  an  extensive  group  of 
implements  shaped  from  antler.  These  include  chiefly  punches  and 
flaking  implements,  but  there  is,  also,  a  remarkable  collection  of 
wedges,  three  of  which  are  figured  in  plate  12.  Among  the  antler 
fragments,  as  with  the  bones,  there  are  specimens  that  accurately 
illustrate  the  manner  in  which  they  were  prepared  for  use — speci 
mens  which  include  selected  though  unworked  tynes,  those  partially 
or  completely  sawed  with  flakes  of  flint  and  cut  pieces  that  show 
various  stages  in  the  grinding  process  by  which  the  objects  were 
brought  to  completion. 

Next  to  the  awls,  numerically,  is  a  large  series  of  more  or  less 
carefully  shaped  objects,  some  of  which  are  shown  in  plate  13.  Most, 
perhaps  all,  of  these  were  employed  as  dice  or  counters  in  various 
games  and  yet  some  of  them  were  unquestionably  adaptable  to 
other  purposes.  The  series  is  truly  noteworthy,  both  in  point  of 
number  and  in  the  workmanship  of  many  of  the  specimens.  These 
arrange  themselves  naturally  into  groups,  according  to  the  charac 
ter  of  the  finished  object — groups  which  range  from  the  rudely 
chipped  counter  to  those  neatly  polished,  perforated,  and  ornamented 
by  drilled  dots  or  incised  lines.  A  large  percentage  of  these,  crude 
and  highly  worked  alike,  bear  traces  of  red  paint  on  the  under  or 
concave  side  and  it  may  be  that  each  one  was  so  marked  when  in 
use.  That  all  of  these,  especially  those  which  are  perforated,  were 
not  employed  exclusively  in  games  is  indicated  by  the  recovery  of  10 
charred  "  counters  "  together  with  14  bone  pendants — the  whole 
probably  forming  a  necklace — from  the  ashes  of  a  fireplace  in 
Kiva  IV. 

Pendants  and  broken  counters  reworked  to  form  like  ornaments, 
beads  of  various  sizes,  small  gaming  disks  or  dice  and  even  finger 
rings  are  among  the  bone  objects  collected.  The  latter,  especially, 
will  bear  brief  consideration,  since  the  specimens  recovered  illustrate 
each  stage  in  ring  manufacture.  A  section  of  predetermined  width 
was  sawed  from  a  large  bone,  as  indicated  in  plate  1 1 ;  this  piece,  in 
turn,  was  ground  down  and  polished  by  rubbing  on  sandstone  and 
perhaps  later  carved  or  incised  with  lines.  The  hollow  character 


NO.    3        ARCHEOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIONS  AT  PARAGONAH JUDD         I/ 

of  certain  mammal  bones  probably  suggested  this  use,  and  primitive 
delight  in  personal  adornment  quickly  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  new 
ornament.  Complete  specimens  were  fewer  in  number  than  the 
fragments  recovered,  but  all  are  highly  interesting  and  most  of  them 
speak  well  for  the  artistic  ability  of  their  makers. 

Objects  of  bone  collected  by  the  1917  expedition  were  important 
both  in  quantity  and  in  quality  of  workmanship.  The  stone  arti 
facts,  on  the  other  hand,  although  numerous,  embraced  but  few 
types  and  these  exhibit  no  marked  deviation  from  similar  imple- 


30504/ 


FIG.  i. 


ments,  widely  distributed  throughout  the  Southwest.  As  might  be 
expected,  hammer  stones  and  mullers  predominate,  but  there  are  also 
large  numbers  of  rubbing  and  polishing  stones,  discoidal  jar  covers, 
gaming  balls,1  etc. 

Grooved  axes  and  mauls  seem  to  have  been  wholly  unknown  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  adobe  dwellings.  After  three  summers'  work 
among  the  ruins  of  western  Utah  the  writer  has  found  but  one 
implement,  figure  I,  which  even  approaches  an  ax  in  form  and  this 
is  a  crude  basalt  hammer,  notched  for  hafting,  and  probably  made 


1  Small  stone  balls,  usually  encrusted  with  a  softer  material,  were  employed 
by  various  southwestern  tribes  in  games  for  both  adults  and  children.  The 
recent  expedition  collected  75  of  these  and,  in  addition,  two  specimens  of 
adobe.  To  one  of  the  latter  was  still  attached  a  fragment  of  its  original 
clay  covering. 


1 8  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    70 

from  a  fragment  of  a  broken  muller.  The  absence  of  these  common 
North  American  implements  is,  in  itself,  significant;  especially  so, 
since  suitable  stone  was  not  entirely  lacking.  It  means  either  that 
the  aborigines  had  not  yet  discovered  the  feasibility  of  stone  axes — 
which  is  almost  unbelievable,  considering  their  advancement  in 
other  lines — or  that  they  were  still  content  to  use  other  weapons  and 
to  employ  fire  in  felling  the  larger  timbers  utilized  in  the  construc 
tion  of  their  dwellings  and  associated  structures. 

Most  of  the  metates,  or  stones  on  which  corn,  etc.,  was  crushed, 
are  of  a  type  peculiar  to  western  Utah.  They  consist  of  fairly  large 
basaltic  boulders  and  are  generally  but  little  worked,  excepting  the 
upper  surface.  The  exceptional  feature  of  these  metates  is  the  small, 
secondary  area  adjoining  the  grinding  surface  and  at  that  end  of  the 
stone  which  would  have  been  elevated  while  in  use.  It  is  usually, 
though  not  always,  concave,  but  whether  it  was  designed  as  a  rest  for 
the  muller  or  intended  primarily  as  a  container  for  ground  meal 
is  still  problematical.  It  would  have  answered  either  purpose,  al 
though  not  absolutely  essential  to  the  efficient  use  of  the  metate. 
The  small  basin  does  not  customarily  appear  on  stone  mills  found 
elsewhere.1 

Traces  of  red  paint  on  both  metates  and  mullers  illustrate  the 
readiness  with  which  primitive  man  employed  his  various  utensils 
in  the  task  at  hand.  Red  ochre  was  collected  along  the  foothills, 
brought  to  the  village  and  pulverized  for  use  in  bodily  adornment 
and  the  ornamentation  of  pottery,  etc.  The  frequency  with  which 
paint-covered  mullers  are  found  indicates  that  the  quantity  of 
natural  pigment  employed  by  the  ancient  people  of  Paragonah  was 
not  inconsiderable.  It  is  not  apparent  that  they  employed  special 
mor.tars  and  pestles  in  the  preparation  of  paints  as  was  done  at 
Zuiii  and  elsewhere. 

The  pottery  exposed  by  the  expedition  of  1917  is  much  the  same 
as  that  found  during  the  excavations  of  the  two  preceding  years. 
A  majority  of  the  shards  recovered  are  of  plain  ware ;  corrugated 
vessels  were  evidently  less  common  than  in  ruins  farther  north. 
These  fragments,  however,  taken  with  those  which  bear  traces  of 
ornamentation,  are  sufficient  to  indicate  the  development  of  the 
ceramic  art  among  these  house  builders  and  to  establish  a  cultural 
affinity  between  them  and  the  ancient  people  south  and  east  of  the 


1  The  writer's  attention  has  been  called  to  a  similar  metate  discovered  on  the 
outskirts  of  Moab  in  Grand  County,  Utah,  by  Dr.  A.  V.  Kidder  of  Harvard 
University. 


NO.    3        ARCHEOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIONS  AT  PARAGONAH JUDD         1 9 

Rio  Colorado.  Decorated  jars  and  ollas  were  obviously  rare,  but 
bowls  carrying  the  customary  black  decorations  over  a  gray  interior 
wash  were  plentiful.  On  these  latter  are  figured  many  of  the 
geometric  patterns  common  to  the  northern  part  of  the  prehistoric 
Pueblo  area ;  only  one  shard  has  been  noted  which  carries  a  repre 
sentation  of  an  animal.  However  instructive  a  comparison  of  the 
earthenware  vessels  from  the  two  regions  might  be  it  again  seems 
advisable  merely  to  affirm  the  similarity  in  design  and  leave  for  a 
future  paper  detailed  consideration  of  the  western  Utah  pottery. 

An  examination  of  these  Paragonah  fragments  discloses  one 
peculiarity  of  ornamentation  which  is  too  often  repeated  to  suggest 
mere  accident.  This  is  the  interlineal  use  of  red  paint,  superficially 
applied.  The  black  decorations  were  painted  directly  upon  the 
kaolin  wash  and  were  permanently  fixed  when  the  specimen  was  fired. 
Some  of  these,  however,  especially  bowls  with  encircling  bands,  were 
further  ornamented  with  red  ochre  and  this  almost  without  excep 
tion  was  drawn  between  the  black  lines  some  time  after  the  vessel 
had  been  removed  from  the  kiln.  The  red  paint,  not  being  perma 
nent,  is  readily  removed  by  rubbing,  but  its  decorative  effect  remains 
unquestioned.  Plain- ware  bowls  and  jars  and  even  coiled  ollas  were 
sometimes  covered  on  the  outside  with  a  thin  coat  of  this  same  pig 
ment,  producing  results  which,  in  general  appearance,  approach  the 
unpainted  red  ware  of  the  Little  Colorado  drainage.  Judging  solely 
from  the  shards  collected,  earthenware  vessels  decorated  with  red 
before  firing  were  extremely  rare  in  the  Paragonah  region. 

Besides  the  usual  objects.of  bone,  stone,  and  pottery,  a  number  of 
less  common  artifacts  were  recovered  from  the  big  mound.  Perhaps 
the  most  interesting  of  these  is  a  tubular  stone  pipe,  figured  in  plate 
15.  The  original,  now  in  the  University  of  Utah  Museum,  is  of 
agalmatolite,  or  possibly  serpentine.  It  is  of  the  well-known  Cali 
fornia  type  and  undoubtedly  reached  the  Parowan  Valley  through 
inter-tribal  commerce.1  The  typical  Utah  pipe — if  a  type  can  be 
determined  from  incomplete  investigations — is  of  clay  and  varies 
between  numbers  303177  and  303179,  plate  15.  Short  tubular  pipes 
with  flaring  lips  have  been  found  in  widely  separated  localities  ;  clay 


1  That  materials  and  artifacts  prized  by  primitive  peoples  were  frequently 
transported  almost  incredible  distances  is  a  fact  well  known  to  anthropologists. 
Several  dozen  beads  made  from  Pacific  coast  shells  (Olivclla  biplicata,  Sby. 
and  Olivella  dama,  Mawe),  were  found  in  the  "big  mound  "  and  indicate  that 
the  difficulties  of  a  foot  journey  across  the  Nevada  and  California  deserts  were 
not  insurmountable. 


2O  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    70 

pipes  *  with  bowls  inclined  upward  at  the  end  of  the  stem,  or  lying 
wholly  within  it,  are  not  uncommon  and  these,  too,  are  widely 
distributed  throughout  the  region  of  the  adobe  houses.  Stone  pipes 
of  this  same  general  type,  but  much  heavier  than  those  of  clay  have 
been  found  in  other  western  Utah  mounds,  although  none  were  dis 
covered  by  the  recent  expedition. 

Among  the  lesser  antiquities  recovered  are  certain  seeds  and  pieces 
of  basketry — perishable  articles  whose  charred  condition  is  alone 
responsible  for  the  their  present  degree  of  preservation.  The  first 
of  these  includes  grass  and  squash  seeds,  corn,  beans,  and  pifion 
nuts — foodstuffs  which  indicate  that  the  old  house  builders  knew 
something  of  agriculture  and  did  not  rely  wholly  upon  the  skill  of 
their  hunters.  The  basketry,  one  fragment  of  which  is  illustrated 
in  plate  12,  is  of  the  coiled  variety  so  common  among  the  ancient 
cliff-dwellers  and  represents  a  high  quality  of  workmanship.  Bas 
kets  were  unquestionably  in  constant  use  by  the  primitive  folk  of 
Parowan  Valley  and  far  more  numerous  than  their  occasional  remains 
would  lead  one  to  believe.2 

Something  has  been  said  above  of  the  use  as  paint  of  clay  stained 
with  oxide  of  iron.  Pieces  of  yellow  ochre  were  also  found,  but 
these  were  undoubtedly  employed  chiefly  for  bodily  adornment. 
So  far  as  knowrn,  potsherds  bearing  indications  of  yellow  decoration 
have  not  yet  been  discovered  in  western  Utah  mounds.  Small  masses 
of  kaolin  are  occasionally  recovered  from  these  ruins — masses  that 
furnished  the  whitish  coat  with  which  the  vessels  were  surfaced, 
previous  to  the  application  of  decorative  designs.  Some  of  them, 
however,  are  so  nicely  shaped  and  of  such  definite  form  (pi.  12,  a) 
as  to  suggest  their  possible  use  in  certain  kiva  ceremonies.3  A  con- 


1The  small  effigy  pipe,  number  301976,  plate  15,  is  the  only  one  of  its  kind 
known  to  have  been  found  in  a  Utah  mound.  The  original,  now  in  the 
University  of  Utah  Museum,  is  of  clay  and  probably  represents  a  ground 
squirrel ;  its  stem  had  been  broken  one-half  inch  from  the  bowl,  but  was 
subsequently  ground  down  for  continued  use. 

2  Rumor  has  it  that  pieces  of  charred  cotton  cloth  have  been  found  during 
previous  excavations  at   Paragonah,  but  no  traces  of   such  fabric  were  dis 
covered  by  the  1917  party. 

3  A  story  often  repeated  at  Paragonah  relates  that  the  walls  in  one  of  the 
adobe  dwellings  previously  exposed  were  painted  white  and,  over  this,  figures 
in  red,  green,  and  yellow  had  been  drawn.     The  excavation  of  many  similar 
ruins,  both  at  Paragonah  and  elsewhere,  has  failed  to  disclose  any  trace  of  like 
ornamentation,  although  walls  are  frequently  observed  whose  faces  are  covered 
with  a  thin  coat  of  alkaline  salts,  deposited  by  the  network  of  rootlets  which 
follow  down  the  hard  wall  surface  and  tend  to  separate  it  from  the  softer 
accumulations  of  debris  and  wind-blown  earth.    In  the  opinion  of  the  writer, 


NO.    3        ARCHEOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIONS  AT  PARAGONAH JUDD        21 

siderable  vein  of  this  material  is  said  to  exist  in  the  Escalante  Desert, 
northwest  of  Rush  Lake  and  about  20  miles  west  of  Paragxmah. 

Two  or  three  small  masses  of  sulphur  were  also  found  among  the 
house  remains.  None  of  these,  however,  bears  any  mark  which 
would  suggest  that  the  mineral  had  been  intended  for,  or  put  to,  a 
definite  use.  It  would  appear  most  likely  that  the  original  collector 
had  been  attracted  merely  by  the  color  of  the  stone  and  carried  it 
to  the  village  under  the  assumption  that  it  could  be  ground  into 
paint. 

A  few  fragments  of  ore-bearing  rock  were  recovered  at  the  same 
time.  These  were  utilized  solely  as  hammer-stones  and  are  not,  as 
might  be  inferred,  evidence  that  the  ancient  house  builders  possessed 
knowledge  of  smelting  processes.  Implements  and  ornaments  of 
metal  are  entirely  unknown  among  the  Utah  ruins — persistent  local 
contentions  to  the  contrary — and  they  have  never  been  discovered 
in  pre-Spanish  villages  in  any  other  section  of  the  Southwest,  except 
ing,  of  course,  those  few  southern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  locali 
ties  that  had  established  inter-tribal  communication  with  the  peoples 
of  central  Mexico.  The  highly  colored  stories  so  widely  circulated 
throughout  Utah  regarding  the  discovery  of  gold,  silver,  and  iron 
artifacts  in  purely  prehistoric  ruins  are  deliberate  fabrications  whose 
chief  purpose  seems  to  be  the  willful  deception  of  the  most  credulous. 
Tales  of  this  sort  have  frequently  acted  as  a  spur  to  those  seeking 
supposed  fabulous  riches  and  are  directly  responsible  for  the  wanton 
destruction  of  many  aboriginal  remains  whose  historical  value  cannot 
be  over  estimated. 

SUMMARY 

Certainly  the  chief  result  of  the  recent  Smithsonian  Institution- 
University  of  Utah  expedition  was  the  successful  exposure  of  some 
40  odd  houses  and  numerous  associated  structures,  comprising  the 
greater  part  of  an  extensive  prehistoric  village.  These  were  of 
entirely  distinct  types,  grouped  to  form  a  single  compact  community ; 
their  apparently  studied  arrangement  and  the  obvious  relationship 
between  them  and  the  nearby,  circular  rooms  is  evidence  that  definite 
social  and  religious  principles  governed  the  daily  life  of  their 
occupants.  The  more  permanent  dwellings  were  of  adobe,  built  up 
usually  in  courses  and  smoothed  or  plastered  on  the  inside ;  the 
secondary  buildings  may  be  described  as  brush  shelters — the  living 
quarters  of  the  villagers — in  which  were  performed  most  of  their 

these  salty  deposits  were  mistaken  for  "  whitewash  "  ;  the  "  paintings  "  may  be 
wholly  or  in  part  the  product  of  the  imagination. 


22  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    70 

domestic  activities.  The  shelters  seemingly  were  erected  without 
serious  consideration  of  their  possible  interference  with  the  general 
plan  of  the  village ;  they  were  easily  constructed  and  the  site  chosen 
for  each  appears  to  have  been  the  least  obstructed  space  nearest 
the  home  of  the  prospective  builders.  Huts  of  this  type,  together 
with  the  adobe  houses,  acted  as  natural  barriers  that  caught  and 
held  the  wind-blown  sand  and  earth  as  it  swept  across  the  treeless 
foothills  and  settled  in  and  among  the  dwellings,  adding  materially 
to  the  size  of  the  mound.  Not  all  of  the  exposed  dwellings  were 
inhabited  simultaneously  and  it  is  highly  probable  that  many  decades 
elapsed  between  the  occupation  and  abandonment  of  the  site. 

Ceremonial  chambers  adjacent  to  the  secular  structures  suggest 
that  at  least  three  clans  had  united  in  the  establishment  of  the  village. 
In  form  and  their  obvious  connection  with  the  neighboring  habita 
tions  these  circular  rooms  resemble  the  kivas  in  cliff-dwellings  and 
historical  Pueblo  villages.  Although  certain  structural  details  com 
monly  identified  with  the  latter  are  absent  in  the  Paragonah  kivas, 
but  little  doubt  remains  that  they  served  similar  purposes  and  exerted 
equally  important  influences  upon  their  respective  builders. 

Large  numbers  of  artifacts  were  recovered  from  the  refuse  heaps 
which  filled  the  open  spaces  between  the  houses.  Most  of  these  are 
of  bone  and  stone,  but  charred  fragments  of  more  perishable  mate 
rials  were  also  found,  and  all  of  them,  taken  together,  indicate  that 
the  ancient  artisans  possessed  considerable  ingenuity  and  attained 
creditable  results  with  their  crude  implements.  Among  the  objects 
collected  are  many  shards  of  earthenware  vessels  decorated  with 
geometric  figures  of  a  type  common  to  prehistoric  communities 
south  and  east  of  the  Rio  Colorado.  Inasmuch  as  decorative  motives 
did  not  change  readily  among  the  ancient  house  builders  of  the 
Southwest  this  similarity  in  pottery  design  is  noteworthy. 

Not  only  the  character  and  ornamentation  of  certain  lesser  anti 
quities,  but  also  the  structural  peculiarities  of  the  rectangular 
dwellings  and  their  general  relationship  to  each  other  confirm  the 
opinion  that  a  marked  cultural  affinity  existed  between  the  ancient 
people  of  Parowan  Valley  and  those  inhabiting  the  semi-arid  regions 
east  of  Navaho  Mountain.  Just  how  extensive  and  far-reaching 
this  may  be  can  be  determined  only  by  additional  investigations — 
researches  that  shall  have  for  their  prime  motive  the  tracing  of  the 
ancient  culture  so  characteristic  of  western  Utah.  Once  these  limits 
are  ascertained  the  problem  of  the  Utah  mounds  will  have  been  solved 
and  the  builders  of  the  adobe  dwellings  will  have  found  their  right 
ful  place  in  the  story  of  our  prehistoric  Southwest. 


<£ 
CD 
UJ 


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SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    70,     NO.    3,    PL.    2 


Trenching  in  search  of  rooms  on  the  northwest  quarter  of  the  mound. 
View  from  the  north. 


Excavated  northwest  quarter  of  the  big  mound  with  Room  14  in  the  fore 
ground.      Compare  view  above. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    70,    NO.    3,    PL.    3 


,.,.; 

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.-•ffc^ 


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I 


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Outer  west  walls  of  Rooms  8  and  9,  from  the  southwest.  The  layer  of 
broken  adobe  shown  in  the  middle  of  the  photograph  rests  upon  loose  earth 
and  debris  and  forms  a  foundation  for  the  west  wall  of  Room  9. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    70,    NO.    3,    PL. 


Looking  northwest,  across  Rooms  8-12.  The  depth  of  the  court  accumu 
lations  is  indicated  by  the  workmen  who  arc  standing  near  Fireplace  I. 
West  Mountains  and  Little  Salt  Lake  appear  in  the  distance. 


The  two  fireplaces  and  three  of  the  charred  posts  of  Kiva  V,  in  the  fore 
ground.  Note  the  courses  in  the  outer  east  wall  of  Room  8.  View  from 
the  east. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    70,    NO.    3,    PL      6 


N;!«M 


PMlt 


Decayed  remains  of  large  upright  cedar  posts  which  formed  the  west  wall 

of  Room  43. 


Superposed   adobe  dwellings,   16-19,  with  the  floors  of   Rooms    18  and   19 
plainly  visible.    The  men  are  at  work  in  the  central  court,  near  Kiva  V. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    70,    NO.    3,     PL.    6 


Kiva  III  from  the  southwest;  the  two  central  fireplaces  appear  indistinctly 
in  the   foreground ;   numerous   squirrel  burrows  pierce  the  walls. 


I* 


Looking  down  into  Kiva  II  from  above  Fireplace  O',  with  Room  23  show 

ing  at  the  left. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    70,    NO.    3,     FL.    7 


Kiva  I  from  the  southwest  corner  of  Room  6,  shown  at  the  lower  right. 
The  posthole  in  the  middle  foreground  was  the  only  one  found  near  Fire 
place  A  ;  Fireplace  B  appears  at  the  left. 


Kiva  I  from  the  north  wall  of  Room  2,  shown  at  the  lower  right ; 
place  B  at  the  left  of  the  braces  which  support  the  east  wall 
monial  room. 


Fire- 
cere- 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOl       70,     NO.    3,     PL.    8 


Looking  into  Kiva  I  from  a  point  near  Fireplace  C,  but  within  the  stand 
ing  south  wall  of  the  larger  ceremonial  chamber  first  constructed.  Part 
of  the  latter  appears  at  the  left. 


Rounded  masses  of  adobe  wall  material  under  the  floor  of  Room  19.     It 
will  be  noted  that  these  are  not  all  of  the  same  shape  or  thickness. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    70,     NO.    3,    PL. 


Mt 


- -rn^^qt 


'*-  "" 


Room  39  from  the  north  \yall  of  Room  35,  showing  the  central  fireplace 
and  sticks  marking  the  position  of  two  of  the  four  surrounding  pillars. 
The  pegs  beyond  occupy  pestholes  along  the  west  wall. 


Floor  of  Room  39,  as  seen  from  the  south.  In  the  foreground,  the  wall 
of  an  earlier  dwelling,  razed  to  the  floor  level  of  the  later  house.  Pegs 
mark  the  position  of  upright  posts. 


SMITHSONIAN  MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.   70,    NO.    8,    PL.     10 


Looking  northeast  across  the  central  court,  from  Room  15;  wall  frag 
ments  and  charred  uprights  of  Kiva  V  in  the  middle  foreground ;  south 
wall  of  Room  19  stands  at  the  left.  Various  levels  of  occupancy  are 
indicated. 


View   from  the  southeast,  showing  north  limit  of  the  excavations  which 
previously  reduced  the  south  end  of  the  big  mound. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    70,    NO.    3,    PL.    11 


303006 


303039 


30309S 


303/26 


303/4? 


303069        303070 


303//3 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    70,    NO.    3,    PL.    12 


303/S/ 


SO 3 f70 


303/84 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    70,    NO.    3,    PL.    13 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS   COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    70,     NO.     3,    PL.     14 


3030Q+ 


V 

303//6 


3O3O80 


303083 


303086 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    70,    NO.    3.    PL.    15 


303/76 


30/S7G 


503/77 


303/7$ 


30/377 


JUN  7      19?2DAY  USE 

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